By Ross Poole
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Sample text
The nation—its language, its territory and its history—was both the context and the product of their work. If the industrialisation of production and 28 THE COMING OF NATIONALISM the continuing spread of market relations was eroding more traditional identities, the new form of national identity was available to take its place. As nationalism became the self-conscious language of the State, it also became the language of political resistance. Struggles for secession, the expulsion of foreign rulers, or for political unification, all took place in the name of the nation.
He argued that Western nations, such as England, France and the United States, developed within the boundaries of existing states (hence, they are ‘territorial’ nations), and their national identities were formed in terms of the particular political traditions of the State. Happily, these Western nations were also forward looking, and influenced by Enlightenment ideals of liberty and reason, so ‘civic’ or ‘territorial’ nationalism was hospitable to liberalism and representative democracy. On the other hand, the less fortunate Eastern nations, such as those of Germany and Russia, were formed in opposition to existing political structures; hence, their identities were formed in terms of cultural or ethnic patterns, not political ones, and they emphasised natural and organic forms of belonging rather than political ones.
Almost all nations are ethnically diverse and recognised to be such. Daniel Defoe provides a succinct and witty demolition of the view that lineage was essential to the self-understanding of early eighteenth-century England: THE COMING OF NATIONALISM 35 Thus from a Mixture of all kinds began, That Het’rogeneous Thing, An Englishman: In eager Rapes, and furious Lust begot, Betwixt a Painted Britton and a Scot: Whose gend’ring Offspring quickly learnt to bow, And yoke their Heifers to the Roman Plough: From whence a Mongrel half-bred Race there came, With neither Name nor nation, Speech or Fame.