By J. Kranz, J. Rotem (auth.), Prof. Dr. Jürgen Kranz, Prof. Dr. Joseph Rotem (eds.)
Most books on epidemiology have handled the topic from a statistical, mathematical or machine applicational standpoint. even if, experiments has to be played first to supply the information for types which in flip can then be confirmed by means of extra experimentation. This mutual interaction of thought and empirics supplies epidemiology its medical thrust and style. This e-book presents a decision of tools for various functions and targets, overlaying all very important points for the designing of experiments. additionally, the reader is provided with ideas to his experimental difficulties and lots of "tricks of the trade". The newcomer to the sphere also will revenue by way of this system guide.
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp. 78-114 James WC, Shih CS, Hodgson WA, Callbeck LC (1976) Representational errors due to interference in field experiments with late blight of potato. sp. hordei Ann Appl Bioi 73: 15-18 Jenkyn JF (1977) Interference between plots as a source of error in experiments with Erysiphe graminis Pestic Sci 8: 428-429 Jenkyn JF. Bainbridge A (1974) Disease gradients and small plot experiments on barley mildew. Ann Appl Bioi 76: 269-279 Jenkyn JF, Bainbridge A, Dyke GV, Todd AD (1979) An investigation into inter-plot interactions, in experiments with mildew on barley, using balanced designs.
1983; Seem 1984; Forbes and Jeger 1987). In disease assessment we distinguish two distinct components: (1) disease assessment proper, and (2) sampling techniques. Both components imply different aspects. In the context of this chapter-we shall deal first with assessment, then with a description of techniques employed and, finally with some specific applications of them. We cannot, however, give here an answer to every problem which may arise. 2 About Terms Disease intensity can be expressed either as incidence (or frequency) or severity.
CC instruments attempt to simulate environmental conditions in the field. Technology permits simulation of all field parameters, but the investment required, limits the instruments available to simulation of some parameters only. Factors like radiation, wind and microclimate differ in CC and in the field. For this and other reasons CC experiments are valid in the study of some problems but not of others. They indicate what may, but not necessarily what must happen in the field. Therefore, as stressed frequently throughout this chapter, results obtained under CC should be verified, or at least supplemented, by field trials (see Aust and Kranz, Chap.