Basic Techniques of Preparative Organic Chemistry by William Sabel

By William Sabel

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The solvent must not have any adverse chemical effects on the reaction system. In some cases a solvent is added in order to retard reaction rate. In an exothermic reaction, the temperature of the mixture cannot rise above the boiling point of the solvent, and it can often be useful to add an inert diluent (with a suitably low boiling point) to reactants which are themselves miscible. In this case, the diluent helps to moderate the reaction by limiting the number of collisions between the reactive molecules, and by absorbing heat.

Having cut a file scratch on the glass, the bending action required to break the rod or tube should be done away from the body, in such a way that, if a splinter detaches itself from the broken surface, it will fly away from the face and thus minimize the risk of eye damage. As a further precaution it is a good practice to develop the habit of momentarily closing the eyes just before the actual break of the glass occurs. Similar care must always be taken to protect the eyes from damage by splashes of liquid or particles of solids.

If the mixture to be stirred is a thick, pasty slurry, a small stirrer simply cuts a hole in the centre, leaving the main part of the suspension undisturbed. ). A stirrer of this type (Fig. 3(c)) can easily be fitted into a beaker, or wide-mouthed flask, but for a narrow-necked flask, a device with a flexible link must be used. An ordinary "hockey-stick" or similar stirrer fitted 54 BASIC TECHNIQUES OF PREPARATIVE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY with a length of stiff, plastic tubing which has been split longitudinally is a good improvization in some cases (Fig.

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