By M. J. Usher (auth.)
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Extra info for Sensors and Transducers
Example text
Also, we require the number of electrons N in the conduction band to be small, so that the element's resistance will be high. The responsivity will increase with A, as for the photo-emissive device, falling rapidly to zero once the condition hv =Egis reached (that is, for A >hc/Eg where cis the velocity of light). ~m. A further class of photoconductors employs what is known as the charge amplification effect. In some materials, notably cadmium sulphide, a hole-trapping effect occurs owing to impurities (copper ions).
It is a combination of the inverting and the non-inverting amplifiers, and has gain + R 2 /R 1 via the two terminals and input resistance R 1 • It is not a virtual-earth amplifier. 6 Basic operational amplifier arrangements l TRANSDUCER BRIDGES AND AMPLIFIERS 49 terminals A and B is independent of frequency. The gain is given by the ratio of the capacitances and is -C1 /C2 , and the input impedance is very low. The name is derived from applications where charge is being measured, and is rather inappropriate in this application.
Since the non-inverting terminal is grounded the other terminal is forced to remain close to zero, and it is easy to see that. the voltage gain is -R 2 /R 1 and the input impedance R 1 • (ii) Cu"ent amplifier This is similar to the inverting amplifier, except that resistor R 1 is omitted so that the input current flows through R 2 • The gain (which has dimensions of volts/ ampere) is equal to R 2 and the input impedance is very low (since the current flows into the virtual-earth point). (iii) Non-inverting amplifier This is not a virtual-earth arrangement, the voltage of the inverting terminal remaining close to that of the input.