By D. Partee
This quantity represents a few preliminary makes an attempt to increase Richard Montague's paintings at the syntax and semantics of average languages. Taken including Montague's gathered works at the idea of language, it makes on hand to linguists and philosophers a view of the diversity of functions of Montague's thought to difficulties of syntax and semantics, and a few comparisons of Montague's method of different theories of language. Seven of the authors are essentially philosophers, and 5 are essentially linguists; their techniques are in no way homogeneous, yet all proportion with Montague a priority for treating semantics as conscientiously as syntax and a wish to discover systematic connections among the 2. (from the Preface, p. xi).
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Sample text
Suppose 'x' is a variable; we may write its corresponding binder as 'x' and read it as 'is something x such that'. ) For instance, the following base structure using a binder is equivalent to 'grunts' and might be read loosely as 'is something x such that x grunts'. S/N S (S/N)/S S/N N grunts x The following is a possible base structure for 'is loved by y\ S/N The following might be a base structure for 'Porky loves himself. (Cf. ) If V has the nth variable intension, then the corresponding binder ' Jc' has the nth binder intension: that function φ from S-intensions to S/Nintensions such that if φ1 is any S-intension, φ2 is the S/N-intension φ(Φι), φ 3 is any N-intension, φ4 is the S-intension φ2(Φ3), i is any index, and /' is that index which has φ3(ί) as the nth term of its assignment coordinate and otherwise is like i, then φ±(ΐ) = <£ι(0· It c a n be verified that this intension justifies the reading of ' f as 'is something x such that'.
There will be base structures representing the meanings of such questionable sentences as 'Seventeen eats beans' and 'He sang a pregnant toothbrush'. But these base structures need not be thefirstterms of any derivations, so these meanings may be unrepresented by sentences. If we like selection restrictions, we might match the lexicon to the transformational component in such a way as to filter out just those meanings that have the null intension. I have not stipulated that only sentential meanings may be represented ; that stipulation could be added if there is reason for it.
This again is a matter of arbitrary choice; we might, for instance, take them as sets of expressions in some language, or as sets of intensions, or even as arbitrarily chosen code-numbers. It turns out to be most convenient, if slightly unnatural, to identify categories with their own names: expressions composed in the proper way out of the letters 'S', 'Ν', ' C (and whatever others we may introduce later in considering revisions of the system) together with parentheses and diagonal slashes. This does not prevent our category-names from being names of categories: they name themselves.