SUBJ Part a of this rule reflects the fact that languages vary in their treatment of the demoted subject if it is not deleted. In English, as we saw, it becomes the BY OBJ. In Japanese, and other languages, it becomes INSTR, and appears as an NP with special case marking. OBL (oblique) is the cover symbol for this set of grammatical functions. 8) b. Seiji ga ut-are-ta The passive rule applies to the lexical form of the active verb ut- to create the lexical form of the passive verb ut-are-.
Basic Concepts ΝΡ°, it may or may not bear an SR, θ, depending on the degree to which the PRED/XP expression is fixed. A large class of V predicates consists of semi-productive idioms of various sorts. 4) a. Fredj took advantagej of Murry^ b. Everyonei took umbragej at Murgatroyd's remarks^ c. Χ... Here, ΝΡ° represents a relatively limited set of NP arguments that can appear with each verb in expressions of this sort. These are probably listed in the lexical entries of the idiomatic verbs. These NP 0 arguments are ΝΡ[Θ] arguments which are indexed at the S-structure and Fstructure levels.