By Erika Cudworth
First and foremost of the twenty-first century, it may be argued that human societies have a better effect at the setting than ever ahead of. we've constantly been based upon, and interacted with, the 'natural' surroundings. although, the dramatic social adjustments of the earlier 3 centuries, have altered the shape of our courting with non-human nature to the level that a few could see people/planet family as in a scenario of crisis.Environment and Society presents a accomplished and important account of the ways that we will take into consideration the connection among human societies and the environments with which they have interaction. It argues that human societies are ecologically embedded, and that environments are frequently socially embedded and constituted. It makes the various theoretical positions and empirical experiences obtainable to scholars, and contains bankruptcy outlines and summaries, annotated extra studying, boxed case-studies and dialogue issues.
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Extra resources for Environment & Society (Routledge Introductions to Environment)
Example text
Some have seen such human-instrumental reasons for environmental ethics as themselves anthropocentric and advocate instead an ethic of ‘intrinsic value’, according to which objects are seen to have value in themselves rather than having value in terms of their functions for other things. For Naess ‘every living being has intrinsic value’ (1990: 135), and he argues for a position of biocentric egalitarianism, that is, that all living beings, including humans, have equal intrinsic worth, because all species are equal in their importance to the planet as a whole.
However, I don’t think Urry really challenges the concept of ‘society’. Rather, he challenges, and rightly so, the notion that ‘societies’ might best be studied in terms of the boundaries of nation states or distinct regions of the globe. Sociology is still very much bounded by traditional notions of the social, and this is reflected in Urry’s recommendations for the study of the environment. In an earlier article on environmental sociology, Urry together with Phil Macnaghten (1995: 208–16) recommend the constructionist position that there is no such ‘thing’ as a natural environment, but a series of ‘contested natures’ which are constituted and reconstituted over historical time, geographical and cultural space.
Warwick Fox (1989) asserts that human domination of the environment accounts for other forms of social domination, such as those based on class, race and gender. This position is reductionist. It does not account for social complexity in positing that one theory of social exclusion can account for a whole range of differing forms of social domination. For Fox, anthropocentrism is the a priori form of social domination. The latter preceded all forms of intra-human domination, and is largely irrelevant to any discussion of the human social domination of nature.