By Bloom S. L.
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Extra info for Chaos, Complexity, Self-organization and Us (2000)(en)(5s)
Sample text
One immediately sees that we are taking the same advantage of the octave bandwidth of the femtosecond comb. Through appropriate electronic mixing of the two beats, one can derive two servo-control error signals associated with and respectively, or one can simply eliminate the variable from the equation. One of the JILA optical frequency standards is a diode-pumped solid state Nd:YAG laser with its second harmonic locked on a hyperfine component of an iodine transition (R(56) 32-0, near 532 nm; this system offers an (in-)stability of at 1 s [27, 55].
AOM: acousto-optic modulator; SHX: second-harmonic-generation crystal. The heart of the comb generator is a KLM Ti:sapphire laser. A small portion of the output is detected using a high-speed photodiode to measure the repetition rate. Greater precision is obtained by measuring a large harmonic of the repetition rate rather than the fundamental. Ultimately, in implementing an optical clockwork with a frequency comb (cf. Chapter 9), the relevant information regarding the repetition frequency is collected in the optical domain with a gain factor of nearly a million for enhanced measurement precision.
If necessary, an appropriate repumping scheme, sometimes involving the probing femtosecond laser itself, can be employed to allow investigation of various transition pathways at longer time scales. This incoherent population-redistribution process is complemented by coherent-accumulation effects observed at shorter time scales. The relatively long lifetime associated with the atomic D-state allows phase-coherent accumulation of the transition amplitudes stimulated from successive pulses, resulting in a significant enhancement of the desired Dstate population.