By B C Currell, R C E Dam-Mieras
This publication discusses the subsequent: uptake of foodstuff, nitrogen and sulphur assimilation, amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, the mixing and rules of metabolism and keep watch over of metabolic pathway flux
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10 The functioning of a phosphotransferase system - an example of group translocation across a membrane. A high-energy phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred through a chain of four proteins to the incoming sugar molecule. Enzyme II also serves as the membrane carrier protein. (See text for details). ElandHPr are common Enzyme II (EII), located within the membrane, serves as a carrier for the sugar substrate and accepts phosphate from Enzyme III (EIII). These two enzymes are specific for a particular sugar substrate and their synthesis is usually induced by the presence of the sugar in the cell's external environment.
Soon after its formation (e),the vesicle loses this protein coat and is able to fuse with lysosomes so that the substances which have been accepted can be digested and degraded. Released sugars and amino acids can leave the lysosome and go into the cytoplasm. phagocytosis · Phagocytosis. This is a process in which certain eukaryotic cells take up extremely large particles, such as bacteria or cell debris. The intracellular vesicles that are formed, called phagosomes, fuse with lysosomes, after which the enzymes present in the lysosome degrade the engulfed particle.
This is achieved by the carrier protein having specific sites for both its substrate and the coupling ion. secondary active transport The substrate and H+ are carried across the membrane in a 1:1 ratio, making it possible for the carriers to 'pump' nutrients inwards. 9. The movement of solute driven by the proton motive force is called secondary active transport. 9). Movement of cations in this way can set up a secondary gradient of ions which may itself serve as an energy source for the active transport of other molecules.