By Ms Jean Curthoys;Professor Victor Dudman
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Additional info for Victor Dudman’s Grammar and Semantics
Example text
For the second inadequacy of Palmer’s division (only in respect of illuminating English tense) is that there are clauses of the ‘primary pattern’ in which the tense of the verb doesn’t encode ‘time about’. They are, to be sure, only subsidiary, never principal, clauses – but their existence is sufficient to show that there is more at stake in the non-standard uses of tense than the behaviour of the tense of modals. Such subsidiary clauses are frequently found in if-sentences. ) For example, the subsidiary clause of (11) If the bough breaks, the cradle will fall is clearly about the future, though its verb is in the present tense, whereas the subsidiary clause of (12) If the bough broke, the cradle would fall can encode a thought about either the future or the present, while its verb is in the past tense.
At the same time, the English modals must have acquired their distinctive character. 59 The still-mystery semantic ingredient which has temporal form imposed on it is contained, then, in the semantics of the modal lexemes and is, presumably, something common to all of them (because the non-standalone clauses almost always qualify modal clauses). Before returning to the quest for this mystery ingredient, though, we need to complete the picture of the encoding of ‘time about’ in English. We know that there are two distinct ways in which it is encoded: one by a ‘routine’ which ‘instructs’ that the tense inflection register ‘time about’ and which generates propositions, and another by a routine which ‘instructs’ that ‘time about’ is later than the time of the tense inflection and which gives us projectives.
38 In effect, what Dudman did was to consider how the passage of time – the mere passage of time, assuming the acquisition of no further observational evidence – affects the way in which a thought is encoded. ) Now the mere passage of time does not affect the semantic content of a thought, for it changes only the temporal relation between the speaker and that semantic content – it is the same thought with the same content whether that temporal relation is future, present, or past. However, it does affect the way in which a thought is encoded, because, in English, ‘time about’ is specified, in the first instance, in relation to the point of speech.