By Wolfgang Klein
This quantity provides the result of a part of the ESF undertaking 'Second language acquisition through grownup immigrants'. the current research offers in particular with constitution of utterances in learner kinds. The authors have tried to discover common ideas which confirm the shape of utterances from the very starting to really complex phases. bankruptcy 1 and a pair of give you the framework for the examine and right here the guiding hypotheses are sketched at the foundation of a pilot research. The empirical a part of the examine is contained in Chapters 3-6, during which facts are given for the purchase of, respectively, English (by Punjabi and Italian learners), German (Italian and Turkish learners), Dutch (Turkish and Moroccon beginners) and French (Moroccon and Spanish learners), therefore making an allowance for crosslinguistic comparisons in numerous methods. for every data-set the learner's linguistic repertoire is tested, after which the utterance styles recurrent in his/her construction and the limitations those styles are topic to. In bankruptcy 7 the overall and theoretical implications are mentioned.
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Extra info for Utterance Structure: Developing grammars again
Sample text
In the case of (b) and (c), adverbials are rare; there are several occurrences of vielleicht which is always clause initial and makes the content of the clause as "approximate", "uncertain" or "speculative". There are a couple of negations; they immediately precede the verb. C. V-NP FRAMEWORK 41 The structure is limited to "presentationals"; the only possible verb is komme (note, however, that the copula may have a similar function, cf. D. below). V may be preceded by an adverbial. Their construction is not very frequent (7 utterances in all), but there are a number of clear cases; we will give a few examples: nix komme eine keil + eine holz 'no come a wedge -f a log' in diese ecke komme charlie ' a t / t o this corner come Charlie' sofort komme chef bäckerei und frau 'immediately come boss bakery and woman' komme auto polizei 'come car police' (=police-van) V may be preceded by a particle or by an adverbial.
The central constituents are verbs and noun phrases. Verbs systematically occur in one form. NPs, on the other hand, show a considerable variation in form. For present purposes, we may distinguish five types: a. lexical NPs which consist of a noun, which may be preceded by eine or by a numeral (in the subsequent text, we often find de N, where de is apparently a definite article); b. diese] it may be followed by a noun, too, so this construction overlaps with a; c. sie; it always refers to one of the protagonists and always has "subject" function; d.
2. It may indicate a special function of the constituents involved. Now, the NP schiff in (4) seems to be in a similar sense "direct object" of mache as kleine schiff in (5). Hence, the function "object-hood", is not associated with the choice of position. A more plausible reason for the different arrangement in (4) and (5) might be a difference in the "given-new-distribution". e. a part of the object NP. Hence, the arrangement in (5) is clearly at variance with standard assumptions about "given-new-order": it goes from "new" to "given".