By Aarne Ranta
Optimistic kind idea used to be first provided in 1970 by way of Swedish philosopher consistent with Martin-Lof. seeing that then, it has develop into one of many major techniques within the foundations of arithmetic and machine technological know-how. despite the fact that, even though it offers a substantial extension of the ideas and strategies of common sense, it continues to be fairly unknown between linguists and philosophers. This paintings offers confident kind conception from the perspective of linguistics and the philosophy of language, introducing its precious method of these in parts within which it has remained unusual. the idea is then utilized to quantification, anaphora, temporal reference, and the constructions of textual content and discourse. numerous phenomena of dependence and development are mentioned within the mild of ideas of evidence item and content material, and the options to a number of recognized difficulties are mentioned.
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Additional resources for Type-Theoretical Grammar (Indices, 1
Sample text
Our exper iment o f constructing the machine ' *Na s a skol a v postrojke ma s iny . . ' Our s choo l o f constructing the machine ' 35 Robert B. L ees The d i f ference between s entence s ( 1 9 ) and ( 2 0 ) , s ince they are bracketed al ike , mu st be in the ir previous trans formational history , and therefore the nominal i zation rule that produce s ( 2 1 ) but not ( 2 2 ) mus t be able to recognize and take into account thi s difference . Thus , Chomsky presumed that trans formational rules serve no t to der ive s trings from individua l str ings , but rather they must serve in general to derive whol e tre e s from trees .
Suppose , now , that there were a s imple mechanical , empirical test for sentence-hood in English , and as example let us take a typical proposal o ften found at the beginning of l inguistic s tud ie s : " A sentence is any sequence of words ending in one of two termina l contours , where the words may be cho sen from a ( long ) f inite l i s t . " ( O f course , this is a quaint oversimp l i fication of the proposals that have actually been made , but it permits a good i l lustration of the important point .
The paper that first raised the s e que stions seriously i s Lako ff and Ro s s ' s " I s Deep Structure Nec e s sary ? " (paper number 9 of this volume ) , which c an be said to mark the beginning of the var iety of trans format ional gramma r known What characterizes generative as generative s emantic s . s emanti c s is not so much the wel l -known claim that there i s no distinction between trans formations and semantic interpretat ion rules as the abandonment o f the assumption that there is such a distinction .