By Susumu Seino, Graeme I. Bell
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are the single cells within the physique that produce and secrete insulin. This metabolic hormone performs a valuable function within the upkeep of glucose homeostasis, regulating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue in addition to carbohydrate, fats, and protein metabolism in those tissues and the liver.
This e-book presents a accomplished updated assessment of the beta mobilephone in healthiness and disorder. Chapters handle the structure and pathology of ordinary and diabetic pancreatic islets; legislation of beta-cell proliferation and loss of life; the possibility of stem cells and extra-pancreatic tissues as beta-cell alternative treatments; insulin biosynthesis; legislation of insulin secretion together with metabolic regulate, ion channels, hole junctions, cyclic AMP, incretins, and exocytosis; improvement of novel imaging recommendations; and genetic issues of the beta mobilephone. a chief target of the publication is to motivate scholars and younger simple and medical investigators to develop into actively eager about diabetes examine and the quest for brand new methods to avoid and deal with diabetes.
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Additional resources for Pancreatic Beta Cell in Health and Disease
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Rindi G, Ratineau C, Ronco A, Candusso ME, Tsai M, Leiter AB (1999) Targeted ablation of secretin-producing cells in transgenic mice reveals a common differentiation pathway with multiple enteroendocrine cell lineages in the small intestine. Development 126:4149–4156 108. Huang HP, Chu K, Nemoz-Gaillard E, Elberg D, Tsai MJ (2002) Neogenesis of betacells in adult BETA2/NeuroD-deficient mice. Mol Endocrinol 16:541–551 109. German MS, Wang J (1994) The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose.
However, there is controversy as to how efficiently it is retained there and whether processing is necessary for its efficient retention, in view of the demonstrated existence of sorting mechanisms for the reorganization of secretory granule contents at least during their maturation [85]. Mature beta-cell secretory granules contain only small amounts (3%–5%) of unprocessed proinsulin and intermediate products [32], and most of the proteolytic processing normally is completed during the first 2–3 h after biosynthesis of the preproinsulin chain [77,78].
Wu KL, Gannon M, Peshavaria M, Offield MF, Henderson E, Ray M, Marks A, Gamer LW, Wright CV, Stein R (1997) Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta is involved in pancreatic beta-cell-specific transcription of the pdx-1 gene. Mol Cell Biol 17: 6002–6013 Transcriptional Regulation of Insulin Gene Expression 27 61. Watada H, Kajimoto Y, Miyagawa J, Hanafusa T, Hamaguchi K, Matsuoka T, Yamamoto K, Matsuzawa Y, Kawamori R, Yamasaki Y (1996) PDX-1 induces insulin and glucokinase gene expressions in alphaTC1 clone 6 cells in the presence of betacellulin.