By Yadava, Yogendra P; Pokharel, Madhav P; Prasain, Balaram; Watters, David E., 1944
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Additional resources for Notes on Kusunda grammar : (a language isolate of Nepal)
Example text
1. a. qæai-dzi ~ ≈ai-dzi b. noqæok ~ no≈ok c. m~aqæ ~ m~a≈ ‘afraid’ ‘maternal grandfather’ ‘dream’ Velar consonants The velar consonant [k] occurs in all contexts – syllable initial, syllable final, and with any vowel. Its voiced counterpart [g] occurs in the same contexts except syllable final. By contrast, the velar nasal consonant [≥] occurs only syllable finally. In this respect, Kusunda differs noticeably from Tibeto-Burman languages in which nasal [≥] is very common syllable initially. No word in Kusunda that we have found begins with nasal [≥].
Intervocalically, it is common for ‘g’ to occur as a fricative [©]. As in the labial and lingual series, a non-fricative [g] occurring between vowels can be an indicator of underlying [k], as in (62d): (62) a. b. c. d. [a©˙i] [d˙©˙i] [du©˙] [nigu] < *niku ‘dog’ ‘he went’ ‘ground, floor’ ‘moon’ In Kamala’s speech, the fricative is reduced even further, either to a very light fricative, or to Ø, as in the following contrastive sets: 38 Himalayan Linguistics: Archive No. 3 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (63) (64) Gyani Maiya: a.
We will deal with them one at a time in this section with a separate sub-section for pronouns. We will also look at some minor word classes, like adverbs, numerals, and question words. We were unable to determine the extent to which Kusunda makes use of “ideophones” or “rhyming couplets” for modifying verbs. This is a category of the type in which basic verbs like ‘go’ are modified by ideophonic adverbs to mean things like ‘saunter,’ ‘stomp away,’ ‘go in long strides,’ etc. The phonomenon is well represented in the region, both in Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman languages.