By Ronald Rubin
An huge, immense volume of study attempt has been directed towards elucidating the mechanism through which elements are extruded from cells; and experiences were written and symposia held that allows you to systematize the plethora of facts made on hand. even if, the methods hired to check the secretory procedure were so varied that it really is tough, if no longer most unlikely, for one person or perhaps a team of people to maintain abreast of all facets of the sphere and to investigate them severely. therefore I undertook the writing of this quantity with loads of trepidation. In looking for a few place to begin, I clearly regarded as my fundamental concentration the function of calcium within the secretory method, which has occupied my learn pursuits for the earlier thirteen years. yet seeing that rather a lot experimentation has been performed in this and comparable subject matters over the past decade or , I felt it used to be nonetheless essential to visualize this enterprise from substitute ap proaches: (1) a extra basic one, which might disguise the topic of calcium and the secretory method from a large standpoint, yet after all no longer in nice element, and (2) a extra particular one, proscribing insurance to scrupulously outlined limits yet with entire research of constrained subject matters. the ultimate path undertaken seems to be to lie someplace among those extremes.
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Additional info for Calcium and the Secretory Process
Sample text
With the addition of a "competitive" ion such as manganese, depolarization becomes less capable of accelerating the miniature end-plate potentials above their resting frequency. The action of manganese is believed to be on the influx of calcium ions, for manganese had been found to act as an antagonist to calcium in many biological processes (Fatt and Ginsborg, 1958; Hagiwara and Nakajima, 1966). Moreover, the influx of calcium ions into nerve fibers which occurs after depolarization can be divided into two distinct components: an early phase that can be suppressed by tetrodotoxin and a later phase that can be blocked by manganese or magnesium ions (Baker, 1972); it is this late calcium flux which is presumably associated with transmitter release.
Also, although excess strontium is without a stimulant effect when added during perfusion with normal media, it potentiates secretory responses to acetylcholine or potassium just as does excess calcium. All of these procedures probably increase the permeability of the chromaffin cell membrane and allow strontium to penetrate the cell membrane. Strontium can also substitute for calcium in preventing this permeability change from occurring in cells perfused with calcium-free solution, so that its action on the permeability properties of chromaffin cells resembles that of calcium.
The relative expendability of sodium in the release process of the neurohypophysis has also been alluded to, as evidenced by Douglas and Poisner's (1964a) finding that striking secretory responses were still obtained in a sodium-free environment. However, ouabain-like potassium and electric currents-triggers polypeptide release from isolated rat neurohypophyses; this enhanced release depends on the presence of calcium and is associated with an increase in the sodium content of the glands (Dicker, 1966).