By Noam, Et Chomsky
This monograph explores a number of complicated questions in regards to the theories of presidency and bounding, together with, specifically, the opportunity of a unified method of those subject matters. beginning with the intuitive concept that definite different types in convinced configurations are limitations to govt and stream, it considers no matter if an analogous different types are obstacles within the cases or no matter if one barrier suffices to dam executive (a stricter and ''more local'' relation) whereas multiple barrier inhibits circulate, possibly in a graded demeanour. Any concept in regards to the formula of the idea that of presidency has problematic effects, and plenty of of the empirical phenomena that seem to be correct are nonetheless poorly understood. equally, judgments concerning the idea of circulation additionally contain a few various factors, together with sensitivity to lexical selection. for this reason, Chomsky proceeds at the foundation of speculations as to the correct idealization of complicated phenomena - how they need to be looked after right into a number of interacting platforms (some of which stay fairly obscure), that can tentatively be set aside to be defined via autonomous (sometimes unknown) components, and that could be thought of appropriate to the subsystems below research. obstacles considers a number of attainable paths in the course of the maze of chances that come up. It units the subtheory context (x-bar idea, concept of stream, and govt) for making a choice on what constitutes a barrier and explores thoughts of barrier - maximal projection and the minimality - and their manifestations in and implications for correct executive, subjacency, island violations, vacuous circulate, parasitic gaps, and A-chains. Noam Chomsky is Institute Professor of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT. limitations is Linguistic Inquiry Monograph thirteen.
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Extra resources for Barriers
Example text
Under the narrower Minimality Condition, wh-extraction of a subject can occur as in (96) but cannot take place over a wh-island, which would block antecedent government. These consequences of the narrower Minimality Condition (91) cannot be tested directly for phrases of the form (93), because extraction of the subject Bill is barred for other reasons, presumably having to do with Case theory. But wh-movement of the subject of an NP is possible in the Romance languages (for discussion, see Cinque 1980).
Suppose the data consist of examples of the following sort: (104) a. who likes John b. who does John like Example (104b) indicates that syntactic wh-movement is permitted, but (104a) is consistent with the assumption that it does not take place. " This proposal is developed by George (1980). If we adopt it, then there are a variety of consequences; for example, wh-island effects will be removed for embedded wh-subjects, as in (105): (105) what do you wonder [CP who saw t] Page 49 Here what can move from its D-Structure position t to the specifier of the embedded CP, which is not occupied by who, and then to the matrix specifier position.
Apart from this, no special assumptions are required to derive the array of evidence just reviewed. The island properties that hold of both types of parasitic gaps provide direct evidence that operator movement is involved in both cases. The fact that the VMH appears to hold crucially for subject parasitic gaps adds further evidence of a more subtle nature for this conclusion. For further evidence, see Montalbetti 1984. I have been assuming, following Taraldsen's original study of parasitic gaps, that there is a crucial distinction between the real gap, in the position more accessible to extraction, and the parasitic gap that these are not simply ''multiple gap" constructions.