By Mike Parnwell
The interrelationship among migration and improvement is complicated. The reasons of migration stem from the uneveness of the improvement strategy and the results exert a robust impression at the trend and means of improvement. This quantity explores either the thoughts and proof at the back of the most kinds of inhabitants flow within the 3rd international at the present time, relatively rural-urban migration. interpreting the reasons and results of migration, the writer assesses the results for making plans and policy-makers.
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Extra resources for Population Movements and the Third World (Routledge Introductions to Development)
Sample text
Cernea (1988) Involuntary Resettlement in Development Projects: Policy Guidelines in World Bank-Financed Forms of population movement in the third world 51 Projects, Washington, DC: World Bank Technical Paper No. 80. many people have benefited from the irrigation and energy supplies which these schemes provided, the displaced farmers have experienced great difficulty in adapting to their new ecological and economic surroundings. In contrast to the case of refugees, however, it is generally accepted that it is the government’s responsibility to do what it can to assist the reservoir evacuee in adapting to life in a new location.
Pressures are mounting as a result of growing competition for land in upland areas, and growing shortages of labour for livestock herding and lowland farming. Because they often lack formal, legally defined access to land semi-nomadic groups also tend to be in a weak position when faced with competition for land from other sources. The result is a tendency towards permanent settlement where conditions or production systems allow. We also tend to find a decline in transhumance where improvements in transportation and communications have reduced people’s reliance on the goods provided by these semi-nomadic groups.
We have already seen, however, that it is often rather difficult to make a clear distinction between voluntary and involuntary movements. Certain forms of movement, such as rural– urban migration, may appear to be the result of free choice, but the circumstances which faced the migrant may in reality have left little option but to move. The choice may have been between survival and starvation. Conversely, the decision of refugees to flee their home areas, the archetypal form of involuntary movement, may in part be rationalized by the expectation not only of asylum but also of much better economic prospects in a new country.