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There are string-related “brane-world” scenarios that are more hopeful about the prospects of seeing string theory structures at the LHC. This will be discussed in the second part of this book authored by Prof. Terning. The fundamentals of string theory are still under development so its attractive proposals are not yet firm conclusions. There are also less popular but nevertheless viable possibilities of inner structure, such as “preons” bound by a new strong force, that the LHC could discover.
7 K distributed uniformly across the universe. The degree to which this temperature is homogeneously and isotropically distributed everywhere puzzled cosmologists who proposed that at a much earlier stage the universe underwent the rapid expansion mentioned above. Inflation explains the uniformity of this temperature distribution simply by making it plausible that we come from a small speck that could not have much variation within that small distance. Modern telescopes can measure tiny fluctuations in this background temperature, as shown in Fig.
Furthermore, general relativity predicts +45,000 nanosecond time difference per day, relative to clocks on the Earth. If the clocks on the satellites are not adjusted continuously for these effects that amount to +45,000–7000 = +38,000 nanosecond, the same position on the Earth would be reported to shift somewhere else over time, and the GPS would be completely useless. The design of the GPS clocks has taken these effects of special and general relativity into account to get adjusted continuously and thus function correctly at the practical level.