By Timothy Shopen
This detailed three-volume 2007 survey brings jointly a group of top students to discover the syntactic and morphological buildings of the world's languages. essentially prepared and broad-ranging, it covers subject matters akin to parts-of-speech, passives, complementation, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, inflectional morphology, stressful, point, temper, and diexis. The participants examine the key ways in which those notions are learned, and supply informative sketches of them at paintings in a number languages. every one quantity is accessibly written and obviously explains every one new notion brought. even though the volumes could be learn independently, jointly they supply an necessary reference paintings for all linguists and fieldworkers attracted to cross-linguistic generalizations. lots of the chapters within the moment variation are considerably revised or thoroughly new - a few on issues no longer lined through the 1st version. quantity II covers co-ordination, complementation, noun word constitution, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, discourse constitution, and sentences as mixtures of clauses.
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Additional info for Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Volume 2, Complex Constructions
Sample text
G. (45d)). This latter case typically derives from a circumlocution of the semantic type ‘A as well as B’. For instance, Polish jak A tak (i) B literally means ‘as A, so (also) B’. 2 Emphatic negative coordination Many languages also have special correlative coordinators that are restricted to the position in the scope of negation, such as English neither . . nor. Again, such negative coordinators have mostly been described for European languages (cf. Bernini and Ramat (1996:100–6)), and it is unclear whether they are indeed a peculiarity of Europe or are simply insufficiently described for other languages.
Tagalog (Philippines; P. art Juan ‘he/they and Juan’ g. , the one that denotes the total set) is generally a non-singular personal pronoun. The included conjunct 34 Martin Haspelmath is often linked by means of a comitative marker (Russian, Chamorro, Tzotzil), but the marker may also be of a different kind (Maori, Tagalog), or the two conjuncts may simply be juxtaposed (Yapese, Mparntwe Arrernte). g. in many dialects of northwestern France (nous deux Jean ‘Jean and I’; Tesni`ere (1951)). In most cases, the inclusory pronoun precedes the included conjunct, but (87g) shows that it may also follow it.
French) Dans quel philtre, dans quel vin, dans quelle tisane noierons-nous ce vieil ennemi? ’ In European languages, asyndesis occurs mostly with modifying phrases such as adverbials and adjectives, or with clauses. Asyndetic coordination of nps is more restricted and quite impossible in many cases (cf. I met Niko, Sandra ‘I met Niko and Sandra’). Many non-European languages have no such restrictions, and asyndetic coordination is very wide-spread in the world’s languages. The following examples are from Sarcee (an Athapaskan language of Alberta, Canada), Maricopa (a Yuman language of Arizona), and Kayardild (a Tangkic language of northern Australia).