Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Second Edition,17 by Michael Hutchins

By Michael Hutchins

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Extra info for Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Second Edition,17 Volumes Set, Volume 5 Fishes II

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Larvae of carapids and ophidiids are pelagic, typically floating near the surface and sometimes traveling great distances from their hatching locality. Scientists believe that larvae of these species have the ability to regulate growth and metamorphosis (the transformation to juvenile and adult form). This developmental strategy allows species to disperse over great distances into habitats that are underutilized, thus reducing competition for limited resources. Pearlfish larvae are unique in their possession of a long, highly ornamented predorsal filament (actually, the first dorsal fin ray), known as the vexillum.

Thus, care must be taken in identification. Males and females have delicate, interlocking copulatory organs. Genital morphological features have been described in detail, but mating has never been observed. The copulatory apparatus of the male is partly calcified and is thought to be derived from the first anal ray. The penis rests on a pedestal surrounded by muscular pseudoclaspers and covered by a fleshy urogenital hood. The urogenital pore of the female is similarly protected. Most bythitids have the capability of sperm storage in the oviduct or ovary.

Euclichthys polynemus, the sole species in the family Euclichthyidae, occurs benthopelagically in depths of 820–2,625 ft (250–800 m). Most species in the Gadidae occur demersally (on the bottom) or benthopelagically. g. Gadiculus argenteus) are pelagic (live in the water column off the bottom). The demersal species occur over a variety of substrates (rock, sand, mud, gravel, or shell debris), most prefer one over the others, and some undertake seasonal migrations between habitat types. The two species in Pollachius are pelagic, and sometimes form large wandering schools that migrate seasonally.

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