By Alan N. Gent
This publication offers the foundations of rubber technology and technology: what rubber is, the way it behaves, and the way to layout engineering elements with rubber. It introduces the principles on which winning use of rubber relies and gives options to the questions engineers in rubber processing face on a daily basis. How is an elastomer chosen and a formulation constructed? Why is rubber hugely elastic and comparatively robust? How is the stiffness and strength of a product expected? How is high caliber and sturdiness assured? The authors describe present practices in rubber engineering. on the finish of every bankruptcy, there are pattern questions and difficulties (with ideas) that gauge mastery of the cloth.
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Extra info for Engineering with Rubber: How to Design Rubber Components
Sample text
5 Extenders Extenders are added to rubber compositions to reduce cost. Usually, this results in a decrease in physical properties, which limits the amount of extender that can be used. Oil extension of rubber, especially in tire treads, is widely practiced. Oil levels of 30 to 40 phr are typical. Oil addition permits the use of elastomers with higher molecular weight and addition of greater amounts of filler than would be possible otherwise. This compensates for the dilution of network chains, so that good physical properties are obtainable even at rather high oil levels.
Some chains may not be attached to the network (soluble sol phase), but the whole composition will no longer dissolve in a solvent. A gel cannot be fractured without breaking chemical bonds. Thus, strength is higher at the gel point, since chemical bonds must be ruptured to create fracture surface. However, strength does not increase indefinitely with more crosslinking. When an elastomer is deformed by an external force, part of the input energy is stored elastically in the chains and is available (will be released upon crack growth) as a driving force for fracture.
This occurs readily because the resulting antioxidant radical is highly resonance stabilized. com by Universitätsbibliothek Bayreuth on February 21, 2012 For personal use only. 1. It is common to use accelerated aging tests to determine the resistance of a vulcanizate to oxidation. However, caution should be used in attempting to infer long-term aging performance from short-term tests carried out at temperatures much higher than service temperature. 4. A black-filled NR vulcanizate was oxidized at various temperatures, while the degree of oxidation was determined directly by the quantity of oxygen absorbed.