By H. Ibach
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Example text
1)]. This is because larger a elongate the space-charge zone with adverse effects on the transmission, while the aperture size s cancels out in Eqs. 93) (h = s). The monochromatic current for the virtual circular aperture spectrometer therefore becomes independent of all design parameters. A comparison of Eq. 94) with some experimental data from different sources is shown in Fig. 21. 2 Mirror Deflectors The virtue of mirror deflectors, the 30° plane mirror and the 42° cylindrical mirror, is the second-order focusing in a which allows these devices to accept substantially larger angles a.
005 eV is a typical value in most applications. The half-width of the input energy distribution is smaller than the Maxwellian distribution of a cathode. By tuning a spectrometer to the maximum output current for a certain cathode temperature, a relatively sharp angular distribution of the feed beam is required. The chromatic aberration of the lens system between cathode and the entrance slit then typically brings about a narrower energy distribution of the feed beam, which is a favorable effect.
The current is approximately proportional to the second power of AE. The hatched line indicates the limit where the feed beam of the monochromator becomes space-charge saturated. The circles are experimental data. portional to (AE)2. The hatched line indicates the estimated cathode limit using Eq. 44) and assuming x{ ~ dK/2. We remember, however, that Eq. 44) was only an estimate, not quite as well founded as the analysis of the cylindrical deflector. 6 The Optimum Cylindrical Deflector By using the expression for the monochromatic current, we now calculate the current as the function of the basic parameters, and discuss the optimum practical design.