By Agamemnon Despopoulos, S. Silbernagl, S. O'Neal Wandrey
This fifth variation has been completely revised when it comes to content material and association of the didactic fabric; just about all of the color illustrations were drawn anew for more desirable readability. The broad introductory bankruptcy makes a speciality of points of cytophysiology. because of the significantly extended textual content and better illustrative fabric, useful connections are simply famous; new ideas and present advances in study are taken absolutely under consideration.
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Additional info for Color Atlas of Physiology (5th Edition)
Example text
The extracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]o plays an important role in blood coagulation and bone formation as well as in nerve and muscle excitation. [Ca2+]o is tightly controlled by hormones such as PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin (Ǟ p. 290), and represents the feedback signal in this control circuit (Ǟ p. 290). The involved Ca2+sensors are membrane proteins that detect high [Ca2+]o levels on the cell surface and dispatch IP3 and DAG (diacylglycerol) as intracellular second messengers with the aid of a Gq protein (Ǟ C1 and p.
During each transport cycle (Ǟ A1, A2), 3 Na+ and 2 K+ are “pumped” out of and into the cell, respectively, while 1 ATP molecule is used to phosphorylate the carrier protein (Ǟ A2b). Phosphorylation first changes the conformation of the protein and subsequently alters the affinities of the Na+ and K+ binding sites. The conformational change is the actual ion transport step since it moves the binding sites to the opposite side of the membrane (Ǟ A2b – d). Dephosphorylation restores the pump to its original state (Ǟ A2e – f).
In the basolateral membrane. The permeability of the epithelium of the renal collecting duct to water (Ǟ A, right panel) is controlled by the insertion and removal of AQP2, which is stored in the membrane of intracellular vesicles. In the presence of the antidiuretic hormone ADH (V2 receptors, cAMP; Ǟ p. 5 ϫ 10– 17 L s– 1 per channel. In filtration (Ǟ B), JV ϭ Kf ! 13] Filtration occurs through capillary walls, which allow the passage of small ions and molecules (σ = 0; see below), but not of plasma proteins (Ǟ B, molecule x).