By E. Gwinner (auth.), Professor Dr. Eberhard Gwinner (eds.)
E. GWINNER! The phenomenon of chicken migration with its huge scale dimensions has attracted the eye of naturalists for hundreds of years. all over the world billions of birds go away their breeding grounds each autumn emigrate to parts with seasonally extra desire capable stipulations. lots of those migrants go back and forth purely over a number of hundred kilo meters yet others hide distances similar to the circumference of the earth. between those long-distance migrants are a number of billion birds that invade Africa each autumn from their West and primary Palaearctic breeding parts. within the Americas and in Asia the scope of fowl migration is of the same value. simply as awesome because the numbers of birds are their achievements. they need to take care of the large vigorous charges of long-distance flying. fairly whereas crossing oceans and deserts that don't enable replenishment of depleted fats reserves. they must effectively time the onset and finish of migrations. either on an everyday and annual foundation. and at last. they need to orient their migratory pursuits in area to arrive their species- or population-specific wintering and breeding grounds, regardless of the variable weather conditions alongside their migratory routes.
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Additional info for Bird Migration: Physiology and Ecophysiology
Sample text
Staging areas for northbound migrants tend to be in temperate latitudes close to the wintering grounds, while those used by southbound migrants tend to be in arctic or boreal zones close to the breeding grounds. This allows for fat storage prior to the long non-stop legs of spring and fall migration (Orent et al. 1978; Owen 1980; Ebbinge et al. 1982). Many seabirds that nest and overwinter at high latitudes, such as many gulls, northern gannet (Morus bassanus), and several large alcids (Uria aalge, Alca torda, Fratercula arctica, and F.
According to Irving (1960, 1972), Nearctic birds could not have migrated across the vast expanses of ice to reach refugia at high latitudes in Alaska and Canada. Similarly, Mead (1983) stated that there is today" ... R. R. Herter 24 \ " . r Fig. 1. Map showing major bird migration corridors to and from the Arctic. We have defined the Arctic as northern high latitude tundra and marine habitats that are snow and ice covered for most of the year (Remmert 1980). generally north of the tree line (dolled line).
That migrate to rich feeding grounds in Arctic seas number in the millions (Salomonsen 1967b; Brown et al. 1975; Guzman and Myres 1982; Troy and Johnson 1987). The immense concentrations of dovekies (Aile aile) that swarm over spring staging areas in northern Baffin Bay (Renaud et al. 1982) and the approximately 20 million Arctic migrant shorebirds and waterfowl that stage in the Copper-Bering River delta system in Alaska (Islieb 1979; Senner 1979; Senner et al. 1981) and the Wadden Sea (Pienkowski and Evans 1984; Piersma et al.