By Y.C. Fung
The thought of blood flow is the oldest and so much complex department of biomechanics, with roots extending again to Huangti and Aristotle, and with contributions from Galileo, Santori, Descartes, Borelli, Harvey, Euler, Hales, Poiseuille, Helmholtz, and so on. It represents a huge a part of humanity's idea of itself. This ebook offers chosen issues of this nice physique of rules from a historic point of view, binding very important experiments including mathematical threads. The ambitions and scope of this publication stay almost like within the first version: to offer a therapy of circulatory biomechanics from the stand issues of engineering, body structure, and clinical technological know-how, and to boost the topic via a series of difficulties and examples. The identify is modified from Biodynamics: circulate to Biomechanics: circulate to unify the ebook with its sister volumes, Biomechanics: Mechanical houses of dwelling Tissues, and Biomechanics: movement, circulate, rigidity, and progress. the most important adjustments made within the new version are the subsequent: whilst the 1st variation went to press in 1984, the query of residual rigidity within the center was once raised for the 1st time, and the lung was once the one organ analyzed at the foundation of good morphologic information and constitutive equations. The certain research of blood circulate within the lung were performed, however the physiological validation experiments had no longer but been completed.
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Sample text
Hence, in spite of the severity of the underlying assumptions, it is quite useful. Turning now to the question of stress in the heart itself, there is another very simple analysis that is quite good. Assume that the left ventricle can be approximated by a thick-walled hemispherical shell (Fig. 1 :2. Balance of pressure forces acting on a thick-walled spherical shell. 1 Introduction 25 inner radius a and outer radius b. Let the pressure acting on the inside be Pi (blood pressure) and that acting on the outside be Po (pressure from pericardium), both assumed to be uniform.
X " .. 1:3. (a) The "length-tension" curve of a skeletal muscle. The sarcomere length is plotted on the abscissa. The maximum tension achieved in isometric contraction at the length specified is plotted on the ordinate. (b) The maximum active tension in single isometric twitches of the papillary muscle of the rabbit obtained by Paul Patitucci in the author's lab. ents the length is increased (symbol X) or decreased (symbol 0). Thus, there is hysteresis in active tension. The solid curve represents a fitted Fourier series.
Into (22) and making use of the equations of motion and continuity, we can show that the rate of change of internal energy is equal to the dissipation function o;iVii· This completes the derivation. 7. 1 Why is it that sometimes you can hear a turbulent flow but you cannot hear a laminar flow? 2 To listen to a flow, you can use a stethoscope. Apply a stethoscope to an artery. In what range of the eddying frequencies can you hear? 3 Discuss the possible relationships between the eddy size, the velocity of mean flow, the velocity fluctuations, and the frequency of pressure fluctuations in a turbulent flow.